The Writing Process
Thinking Logically
Sometimes it is necessary to write in a very logical, organized manner to prove a point, get an idea across, or support an opinion. All writing is, to some degree, persuasive. We write in order to share our point of view, to communicate thoughts and ideas. In writing logically, we must take our audience into account. Why does it matter? Does it make sense? Does it take differing opinions into account? Effective writing considers these factors in order to build a sophisticated and engaging text.
Four main tools used in persuasive, effective writing include:
Thesis/Main Claim
A thesis, in essence, is your main point, stating the writer’s opinion. It is an assertion that sticks its neck out and wants to be noticed. The thesis or main claim assert that something is true or not true, that something has or does not have worth, that something ought to be done or not done.
Support
Support is like the bones that hold the body of writing together. Your central claim can’t stand up on its own. It needs evidence for support; the more evidence you offer and the stronger it is, the sounder your argument will be.
Counterargument
Counterarguments anticipate debate and complexity. They take into account opinions differing from their own and include logical reasoning to counterbalance potential opposition. It can be used as a valuable persuasive tool in developing your argument effectively.
Concession
Concessions are “points” that you let the other side score. They are employed where weak points exist. Weak points don’t go away by pretending they don’t exist. In fact, acknowledging arguable points can actually strengthen your argument because it shows a sense of broad-mindedness on the part of the writer.
Logical Fallacies
Building a successful argument requires logical thinking. Logical fallacies are mistakes in the logic of arguments and can cause your audience to dismiss your claims completely. They are the bits of illogical or dishonest thinking that can creep into an argument. Logical fallacies include distortions, biased viewpoints, generalizations, and weak connections to name a few. Be careful of committing fallacies in arguments. Listed below are a few to be aware of:
Ad Hominem
Definition:
In an ad hominem argument, the arguer attacks the opponent instead of the opponent’s argument. It is a personal attack rather then an examination of the logic of the argument.
Example:
“Jim’s ideas are worthless because he is old.”
Tip:
Focus on your opponents logic, rather the their character.
Begging the Question
Definition:
This fallacy consists of assuming in a definition or in the premises of your argument the very point you are trying to prove. In other words, the claim itself is used to prove itself.
Example:
“Girls should not become construction workers because it is a man’s job.” The question is: Why does it have to be a man’s job in the first place?
Tip:
Look for gaps in your argument. Ask yourself if your making assumptions that are arguable. Check to see if your premise says the same thing as the conclusion. If it does, you might be begging the question.
Either/Or Reasoning
Definition:
Either/Or reasoning sees the world as black and white. It reduces all possible options to two extremes.
Example:
“ America: love it or leave it.”
Tip:
Either/Or reasoning is usually found in arguments that are not open to a reply. Ask yourself if you’re leaving room for discussion. Life isn’t black or white—don’t forget to acknowledge the grey areas.
Faulty Cause/Effect
Definition:
Faulty cause and effect assumes that A caused B because A happened first.
Example:
“Since the new high school was built, alcohol consumption has risen drastically among young people.”
Tip:
Avoid faulty cause and effect by giving explanations and evidence for the connections that you pose. Just because B happened doesn’t mean that A made it so.
Hasty Generalization
Definition:
A hasty generalization makes assumptions about a group of people, places, events, or things. It is a stereotype based on inadequate examples.
Example:
“ Northern Minnesotans are all beer drinking, meat eating, snow-mobile driving rednecks.”
Tip:
Ask yourself what you are basing your opinion on. Is it just an opinion based on limited examples? Consider whether you need more evidence, or perhaps a less sweeping conclusion.
Slippery Slope
Definition:
Often, slippery slopes are exaggerations that lack sufficient evidence. The arguer claims that a chain reaction, usually ending in dire consequences, will take place, but lacks evidence to back it up. One step onto the “slippery slope” and you will slide all the way down.
Example:
“If marijuana were legalized for medicinal use, it would lead to a rash of drug abuse. Soon it would be available to everyone. Before we know it, cocaine and heroine will be legalized too.”
Tip:
Make sure your claims are reasonable.
Strawperson
Definition:
A strawperson argument is when an arguer distorts the opponent’s argument and then attacks the distorted argument. It is an exaggeration used to make your opponent look bad—but in the end, usually fails to make you look good.
Example:
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Tip:
Strawperson makes for a weak argument. If you can knock down even the best version of an opponent’s argument, then you’ve really accomplished something.
