Gaa-izhiwebakin Anishinaabewakiing
| Year | Event | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | Zenith Creation-1492 | Zenith of Mankind’s Social Development happens in North America |
| 1 | Creation | Anishinaabe Created in North America. |
| 2 | Flood and Re-creation | Earth is flooded. Wenaboozhoo rebuilds earth on back of a turtle. Turtle Island is created (N. America) |
| 3 | Seven Values Gifted to Anishinaabe | |
| 4 | Migration West | Sacred Migis leads Ojibwe Nations migration westward from St. Lawrence River to the place of Wild rice |
| 1492 | Colonization 1492-1776 | |
| 1492.1 | Columbus Invades Americas |
October 12, 1492, Columbus lands on Hispaniola in Western Hemisphere. Slaughters and exploits natives for gold. Raw capitalism. Eastern hemisphere epidemics unleashed. |
| 1585 | Sir Walter Raleigh colonizes Roanoke Island, VA |
Raleigh conceived and organized the colonizing expeditions to America that ended tragically with the “lost colony”. |
| 1620 | First Contact with Ojibwe 1620-1650 |
French explorers and missionaries are discovered at Sault Ste. Marie |
| 1620 | May Flower lands on East Coast of Turtle Island | |
| 1622 | Opechancanough leads Indian Confederacy against Virginia colonists | |
| 1637 | Pequot War | Belligerent Puritan colonists attempt to extend authority over Pequots. War almost brings Pequots to extinction and influx of pilgrims take land. |
| 1640 | Beaver Wars (Iroquois Wars) | Dutch trade withdrawal and declining beaver cause Iroquois to expand territories. Push Huron’s and SE Anishinaabe towards the Sault. |
| 1641 | European colonists introduce scalping by offering bounties for Indian scalps | In 1706 the governor of Pennsylvania offered 130 pieces of eight for the scalp of any Indian male over twelve years of age and 50 pieces of eight for a woman’s scalp. Because it was impossible for those who paid the bounty to determine the sex, and sometimes the age, of the victim from the scalp alone, killing women and children became a way to make easy money. The practice of paying bounties for Indian scalps did not end until the 1800s. |
| 1641 | Dutch colonists introduce scalping to Turtle Island by offering bounties for Indian scalps | |
| 1653 | Ojibwe repel Iroquois from the Sault | During their wars with the Iroquois, the Ojibwe pushed down both sides of Lake Huron and by 1701 controlled most of lower Michigan and southern Ontario. Iroquois wanted new hunting land for fur trade because they depleted theirs. |
| 1662 | Ojibwe final repel of Iroquois from the Sault. Reestablish SE Anishinaabe territories | |
| 1675 | King Philip’s War | New England |
| 1679 | Ojibwe-Dakota Entente, Daniel du Luth, | |
| 1690 | 1690-1710 Ojibwe push West into Dakota country past St.Croix River | The Ojibwe, who have been moving westward for generations, reach the land we now call Minnesota. They encounter forest-dwelling Dakota people already here. Minnesota Historical Society (MHS): Ojibwe Arrival |
| 1690 | Fox Wars 1690-1733 | |
| 1693 | Fort La Pointe Established at Chequamegon Bay | |
| 1693 | Madeline Island established as epicenter of Ojibwe Nation at Chequamegon Bay | |
| 1698 | French withdraw western forts | Ojibwe trade with Dakota |
| 1700 | Mississauga Ojibwe final repel of Iroquois | During their wars with the Iroquois, the Ojibwe pushed down both sides of Lake Huron and by 1701 controlled most of lower Michigan and southern Ontario. |
| 1712 | French and Fox war |
The First Fox War (1712-16) began when Fox, Kickapoo and Mascouten attacked Fort Pontchartrain on May 13th. The initial assault failed and was followed by a siege. With over 300 well-armed warriors pitted against 20 French soldiers inside a fort with crumbling walls, there is reason to ask if the Fox intended to kill the French or just scare them. In any case, a relief party of Wyandot, Ottawa, Potawatomi and Mississauga (Ojibwe) arrived and fell upon the Fox from behind. In the slaughter which followed, more than 1,000 Fox, Kickapoo and Mascouten were killed. Only 100 of the Fox escaped to find refuge with the Iroquois (English traders called them Squawkies). Otherwise, only a few Fox returned to Wisconsin with the Kickapoo and Mascouten. They joined the Fox who had remained behind and made the French and their allies pay dearly for the massacre at Detroit. |
| 1713 | Peace at Utrecht | |
| 1715 | Fox Naval attack Lake Superior Ojibwe | |
| 1730 | Fox defeated by French | Fox join Sauk Tribe after defeat |
| 1745 | Millacs Ojibwe defeat Santee Dakota |
The expansion of the Ojibwe into Wisconsin and Minnesota brought them into contact with the Eastern, or Santee Dakota (commonly known as the Sioux). During the 1730s, the Ojibwe and Dakota began to fight over the region around the western point of Lake Superior and the headwaters of the Mississippi River in Minnesota. A series of wars lasted until the 1850s. The Ojibwe were generally successful, and managed to push the Dakota farther west into Minnesota and North and South Dakota. |
| 1754 | French-Indian War 1754-1763 | War between French and English for Lake Erie and Ohio valley |
| 1756 | Seven Years War 1756-1763 | |
| 1760 | French colonists surrender to British | |
| 1760 | Cut Foot Sioux Leech Lake 1760? | Ojibwe defeat Dakota. Dakota prisoners foot is cut by Ojibwe and told to walk home. |
| 1763 | Pontiac’s War |
Pontiac attacks and destroys every British fort west of Niagara except Pitt and Detroit |
| 1776 | American Revolution 1776-1783 | |
| 1776 | Nation to Nation 1776-1871 Treaty Years | |
| 1780 | Settlers push over Appalachian Mountains | Brits can no longer ward off land grabbers but continue to control great lakes for 30 years |
| 1780 | Battle at St Croix Falls 1780? | Lead by Waabijig, Ojibwe defeat Dakota and Fox at St. Croix Falls in a decisive battle |
| 1787 | Northwest Ordinance | Indian land and property will not be taken without consent |
| 1790 | Indian Trade and Intercourse Act | Any transfer of Indian land must be approved by congress |
| 1791 | Little Turtle at Fort Jefferson | Little Turtle leads and Indian force of Miami’s, Shawnees and Delaware’s, defeating Gen. Arthur St. Clair’s army of over two thousand near Greenville, Ohio |
| 1794 | Establishment of British Northwest Company trading post at Sandy Lake. | |
| 1794 | Jay Treaty | |
| 1795 | Treaty of San Lorenzo | |
| 1803 | Louisiana Purchase | French sold US title to land between Mississippi and Rockies, which was not theirs to sell, helps fund Napoleons war |
| 1804 | Lewis and Clark expedition to Pacific | Up Mississippi and west, mapping, surveying potential resources for US |
| 1808 | Tecumseh’s messengers visit Ojibwe | |
| 1811 | Battle of Tippecanoe | William Henry Harris destroys Tecumseh’s village at Wabash River, IN, while Tecumseh gone |
| 1812 | War of 1812 (1812-1814) | America declares war on British Empire. Brits and French are no longer threats as Anishinaabe allies against US. More power loss for Anishinaabe |
| 1815 | US signs treaties with Indians in Ohio Valley starting Indian removals west 1815-1825 | |
| 1824 | BIA created in War Department | |
| 1825 | Treaty of Prairie du Chien (WI) | Establish boarder between Dakota and Ojibwe in the territory of Michigan (Minnesota) on August 19, 1825. |
| 1826 | American Fur Company post built at Sandy Lake. | |
| 1826 | Treaty with the Chippewa concluded at the Fond du Lac of Lake Superior on August 5, 1826. | |
| 1827 | Ojibwe Menominee boarder drawn | |
| 1830 | Indian Removal Act | President Jackson Removal Bill passed |
| 1831 | Cherokee Nation v. Georgia | Tribes not foreign states but domestic dependent nations |
| 1832 | Black Hawk War | Chief Black Hawk, Sauk and Fox, refuses to attend land session treaties in which rogue chiefs sign. On return from hunting camp finds American squatters with false deeds to his peoples land. After futile requests for justice to the U.S. Government, Black Hawk goes to war with U.S. in a series of battles. Under a flag of truce, many of Black Hawks people are massacred. |
| 1832 | Worcester v. Georgia | |
| 1837 | Treaty with the Chippewa at St. Peters (the confluence of the St. Peters and Mississippi rivers) in the territory of Wisconsin on July 29, 1837. | |
| 1838 | Trail of Death | Indiana Potawatomis removed west to Kansas, many die forced march |
| 1838 | Trail of Tears | Cherokee forced march west of Mississippi. 25% die enroute conservative estimates |
| 1842 | Treaty with the Chippewa at LaPointe | Treaty with the Chippewa at LaPointe of Lake Superior in the territory of Wisconsin on October 4, 1842. |
| 1847 | Treaty with the Chippewa of the Mississippi and Lake Superior made and concluded at the Fond du Lac of Lake Superior on August 2, 1847. | |
| 1850 | Sandy Lake Annuity Fiasco |
Late arrival of annuities cause death of 150 Chippewa people from dysentery and measles at Sandy Lake. Another 230-250 die en route home |
| 1854 | Treaty with the Chippewa at LaPointe | |
| 1855 | Treaty with the Chippewa in Washington, D.C. | |
| 1860 | Sioux woman dreams of drum | Sioux woman dreams of drum, around 1860, when Calvary overrun her village. They also present the Drum to the Ojibwe. |
| 1862 | US-Dakota Conflict | |
| 1864 | Treaty with the Chippewa, Mississippi, and Pillager and Lake Winnibigoshish Bands | Made and concluded at the City of Washington, D.C. On May 7, 1864 (Treaty is similar to the treaty of 1863, only addition was the tribe residing on the Sandy Lake Reservation shall not be removed). |
| 1867 | Treaty with the Chippewa of the Mississippi | Made and concluded at Washington D.C. on March 19, 1867. |
| 1871 | Assimilation and Vortex of Historic Trauma 1871-1928 | |
| 1871 | End of treaty making | |
| 1871 | Indian Appropriation Act | |
| 1876 | Little Big Horn | |
| 1879 | Carlisle Indian School | |
| 1885 | Major Crimes Act | |
| 1886 | Northwest Indian Commission came to meet with the Sandy Lake Ojibwe. | |
| 1887 | Dawes Allotment Act |
An act to cut the lands on Indian Reservations, to extend protection of laws of the US and territories over Indians. |
| 1889 | Unassigned lands in Indian Territory opened by white settlers known as “boomers.” | The Unassigned Lands of Oklahoma Territory |
| 1889 | Nelson Act | Wikipedia: Nelson Act of 1889 |
| 1890 | Sitting Bull assassinated |
Lakota chief and Holy man |
| 1890 | Wounded Knee massacre in South Dakota |
150 killed and 50 wounded in Wounded Knee Creek December 29th. |
| 1890 | Oklahoma Territory organized out of western half of Indian Territory | |
| 1890 | Indian population in US reaches all-time low of less than 250,000. | |
| 1890 | Wounded Knee Massacre | |
| 1891 | Morris Act | |
| 1893 | White Settlement | Cherokee Outlet opened for white settlement |
| 1898 | Curtis Act | Curtis Act created to extend allotment to the tribes of Oklahoma |
| 1898 | U.S. Annexes Hawaii |
U.S. Government takes control of Hawaiian Islands |
| 1898 | Battle of Sugar Point | |
| 1902 | Morris Act | |
| 1903 | Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock | Supreme Court rules that Congress has power to abrogate treaties with Indian tribes |
| 1904 | Steenerson Act | Where Does Indian Policy Really Come From? |
| 1904 | Clapp Rider | Authorizes the sale of timber resources by “Competent Indians” |
| 1906 | Burke Act | Burke Act amends Dawes Act, defines and allows ‘competent’ (1/8 white) Indians to sell allotments |
| 1906 | Alaska Allotment Act | An Act authorizing the Secretary of the Interior to allot homesteads to the Natives of Alaska. |
| 1907 | Oklahoma becomes State |
Combines Indian and Oklahoma territories, tribal governments are dissolved |
| 1911 | Graham Commission | |
| 1913 | White Earth Roll Commission | U of M Anthropologists hired to see who was a full blood on White Earth by measuring physical traits such as skull, nose and skin scratch test. Majority of full bloods now listed as mixed and more land and timber is lost. |
| 1915 | Sandy Lake Indian Reservation established | Sandy Lake |
| 1918 | General Council of the Red Lake Tribe created | |
| 1924 | Indian Citizens Act | |
| 1928 | Meriam Report | Officially titled “The Problem of Indian Administration”, published in 1928 by a team of social scientists, it recounted the conditions for Indian peoples on reservations. |
| 1928 | Indian Re-organization 1928-1953 | |
| 1934 | Johnson O’Mally Act |
The Johnson-O’Malley Act was passed, allowing states, other political subdivisions, and private entities to provide for the health, education and welfare of Indians through contracts and grants. The Indian Reorganization Act, passed as part of President |
| 1934 | Indian Reorganization Act | Ends allotment, provides for self-government, eliminates traditional government, legislation passed in 1934 in the United States in an attempt to secure new rights for Native Americans on reservations |
| 1937 | MCT Constitution | Ratified in 1934, this constitution brought together six of the seven Chippewa (Anishinaabe) tribes in Minnesota, joined them together as the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe |
| 1942 | St. Croix Reservation established | Established from privately owned Indian land |
| 1944 | National Congress of Indians | |
| 1946 | Indian Claims Commission established | |
| 1952 | Indian Relocation Program | |
| 1953 | P.L. . 280 State Civil and Criminal jurisdiction |
Public law 280 termination of federal trusteeship over Indian lands. AL, CA, NE, MN, OR and WI have criminal and civil jurisdiction over reservations |
| 1953 | House Concurrent Resolution 108 – Termination Act | |
| 1953 | Termination 1953-1968 | |
| 1956 | relocation act |
Act to encourage relocation to urban centers The American Indian Movement, Philosophy of Land & Land Rights |
| 1961 | Indian conference and council |
American Indian Chicago conference |
| 1961 |
National Indian Youth Council Founded |
|
| 1968 | AIM Founded |
American Indian movement founded |
| 1968 | American Indian Movement | AIM was established to stop police brutality in the Minneapolis metro area. |
| 1968 | Indian Civil Rights Act |
Reservation Indians have many same rights as US constitution but only enforced by US if incarcerated by tribe. |
| 1968 | Self-Determination and 1968-1982 | |
| 1969 | AIM at Alcatraz |
Indian activists take over Alcatraz |
| 1969 | National Indian Education Association |
Founded in Minnesota to give American Indians and Alaska Natives a national voice in Education |
| 1969 | Kennedy Report | Indian Education: A national tragedy, a national challenge |
| 1970 | LaDonna Harris embodies her Comanche heritage |
Since 1970, she has served as the president of Americans for Indian Opportunity (AIO). |
| 1970 | BIA Take Over | AIM took over BIA offices in D.C. ending the trail of broken treaties |
| 1971 | AIM removed from Alcatraz |
Federal officials removed them in 1971 |
| 1972 | Office of Indian Education Created |
Created in 1972, and it currently administers the Indian Education Program of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 |
| 1972 | Drinking water politics |
Fort McDowell Indians became aware of the proposal in 1972 |
| 1972 | AIM Trail of Broken Treaties | March on BIA D.C. protesting broken federal promises |
| 1972 | Gurnoe Decision | |
| 1973 | 72 day standoff at Wounded Knee | Members of the American Indian Movement, together with a number of local and traditional Native Americans, began their seventy-two day stand off at Wounded Knee. |
| 1973 | AIM at Wounded Knee | Wikipedia: Wounded Knee Incident |
| 1975 | Indian Self-Determination Act and Education Assistance Act | Tribal control over reservation programs and school build schools |
| 1978 | Indian Child Welfare Act |
Established to protect the well-being of our children, promote the stability and security of Indian tribes and families by giving tribal courts jurisdiction over children living on reservations. |
| 1978 | Indian Freedom of Religion Act |
To protect and preserve for American Indians their inherent right of freedom to believe, express and exercise the traditional religions |
| 1978 | Longest Walk | AIM walk from Alcatraz to Washington D.C. to protest government ill treatment, ends with 30,000 ascending on Capital = equals million man march in scale |
| 1981 | President Reagan initiates cutbacks on Indian funding. |
President cuts funds by as much as 40%. |
| 1982 | Indian Mineral Development Act |
Congress passed this act to encourage tribes to become economically self-sufficient. |
| 1982 | Self-Governance and Self-Oppression 1982-Present | |
| 1984 | Committee of Indian Affairs |
Committee gains jurisdiction to study unique problems of American Indians, native Hawaiians, Alaska natives |
| 1985 | Wilma Mankiller becomes principal chief of the Cherokee Nation. |
First women to be elected chief of a major Indian tribe. |
| 1986 | School Lawsuit | Heart of the Earth, and Red school house successfully sue dept. of education |
| 1987 | Camp Justice | Ojibwe sit-in at MCT offices demanding constitution reform |
| 1988 | Indian Gaming Regulatory Act |
Tribes become engaged in licensed gaming. |
| 1988 | Indian Self-Governance Act | |
| 1989 | Senate Selects Committee on Indian Affairs | Reports recommends a new era of voluntary agreements. |
| 1990 | Native American Grave Protection and Reparation Act |
New law, 101-601, to protect Indian burial grounds |
| 1990 | Native American Language Act |
Federal Policy statement recognizing Native American Language |
| 1990 | NAGPRA act |
President George Bush Signed the “Native American Graves Protection Act Wikipedia: Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act |
| 1990 | Indian Law Enforcement Act | |
| 1991 | Indian Nations at Risk Task Force | |
| 1995 | President rescues Office of Indian Education | |
| 2002 | No Child Left Behind | |
| 2005 | New Charter School opens in Naytahwaush, on the White Earth reservation |
Community members believe it will better from a cultural perspective |
| 2011 | Historic Trauma | |
| 2012 | Constitution Reform Stops Self-oppression | Referendum by petition researches and reestablishes traditional governance including contemporary needs for tomorrow. |
| 2013 | Poverty Culture Reversed | Leadership, language and culture re-establish self-identity |
| 2014 | Decolonization | |
| 2014 | Ojibwe Nation Unites | Canadian and US Ojibwe unite as one nation. Ojibwe vote at any reserve they live at regardless of enrollment place |